How to Cite a Reading From a Book in Apa
APA in-text citation
This page describes the correct format for in-text citations in APA (7th edition):
- Basic format
- Many authors
- Quotations and block quotations
- Folio numbers
- Reference within a source (secondary source)
- Citing a source multiple times in i paragraph
- Title in author position
- Entries with the same author(s) and twelvemonth of publication
- Multiple sources within the same brackets
- Personal communications
New to referencing? Encounter the introduction to referencing.
Basic format
When you have used a source in an consignment it is necessary to credit the source for the reader. See why reference for the reasons why this is important.
This credit appears in two places: within the body of the assignment (the in-text commendation) and at the end of the assignment (in the reference list). For every in-text citation there should exist a matching entry in the reference list, and vice versa.
the in-text citation contains basic information virtually the source:
- The source's author(southward)
- The year of publication
- The page number (sometimes)
The reference list contains more than detailed data about the source: the title, publishing details, etc.
An in-text citation looks like this:
When testing the usability of a website, it is necessary to gather demographic information nearly the users (Lazar, 2006).
Note that the total end only comes later the closing bracket, and that but the surname (family name) of the writer is used.
The writer's name tin also be incorporated into a sentence in the assignment, in which case information technology is moved exterior the brackets:
Lazar (2006) notes that a fundamental part of usability testing is understanding the demographics of the users.
An in-text citation is needed whenever y'all have used information, ideas, concepts, or facts from some other source. If you have paraphrased, summarised, or quoted another writer, you need to provide an in-text commendation.
Sometimes a source will accept more than one writer, no author, or no yr of publication. See referencing elements for what to exercise in these situations.
In some rare cases there volition be two different sources with the same author and yr of publication. In these cases, a lower-instance letter is attached to the year to distinguish them. See same yr, aforementioned author for details.
In-text citations for works with three or more authors include only the kickoff author's proper name and "et al." (which ways "and others" in Latin) in all citations, including the get-go in-text citation:
(Smith et al., 2020).
Smith et al. (2020).
Smith et al. (2020) noted that…
Smith et al.'s (2020) inquiry identified…
According to Smith et al.'southward (2020) findings, the iii central…
The earlier (6th) edition of APA formats this differently. See sixth vs. 7th for details.
Quotations and block quotations
Direct quotations are usually put inside quotation marks (" "), followed by the reference:
When gathering information it is important to think that "only relevant types of demographic information should be requested" (Lazar, 2006, p. 52).
If a quotation is longer than 40 words, no quotation marks are used, and the quotation is indented instead:
Lazar (2006) describes the fragile residual of survey design:
Only relevant types of demographic information should exist requested. Asking inappropriate questions in a survey, interview, or focus grouping lessens the likelihood that users volition answer. Also, if too many questions are asked, users are less likely to respond. (p. 52)
The number of questions depends profoundly on…
Note that when you indent a directly quote, the full stop comes before the bracket.
Quotations should be identical to the original source, but some small changes can be made. See quoting for details.
Folio numbers
Whenever a source has been quoted discussion-for-give-and-take, a page number must be provided:
When gathering data it is important to remember that "only relevant types of demographic information should be requested" (Lazar, 2006, p. 52).
The abbreviation "p." (not "pg." or "page') is used hither. If you cannot notice a page number, see no folio numbers.
If you accept only paraphrased or summarised a source, a folio number is not compulsory nether APA style. However, it tin can aid readers to include information technology, especially for longer texts:
Although it is non required to provide a folio or paragraph number in the citation for a paraphrase, you may include one in addition to the writer and year when it would help interested readers locate the relevant passage inside a long or complex work (e.g., a book). (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 269)
Many lecturers prefer you to provide a page number in every in-text citation. Some lecturers only want page numbers for straight quotations. If unsure, ask your course coordinator for clarification.
Reference within a source (secondary source)
Many academic books and journal articles quote earlier books or articles on the same topic. If you cannot access the original source (it is out of print, or unavailable through the library), you can cite the secondary source instead:
The work of Chi (as cited in Lazar, 2006)…
In this example, the quoted source (the original source) is Chi. The quoting source (the secondary source) is Lazar (2006). The original source is mentioned first, followed by "as cited in" and so the secondary source.
If desired, the date of the quoted source (the original source) can also be included in the in-text commendation:
The work of Chi (2004, as cited in Lazar, 2006)…
Considering yous have not viewed Chi it but appears in the in-text citation, not in the reference list. The secondary source (Lazar, 2006) should be listed in the reference list, co-ordinate to the normal format for that type of source.
If an unabridged article or chapter has been reproduced exactly in another source (photocopied, for example), you tin can cite the original source and disregard the secondary source. Run across Massey University books of readings for details.
Citing a source multiple times in ane paragraph
Sometimes you demand to go into more than item about 1 particular source. Putting an in-text citation later every sentence that comes from that source would expect atrocious and break the flow of your writing… simply leaving the in-text citations out risks plagiarism.
Introduce the source early in the paragraph, with the author as part of the sentence rather than in brackets:
Lazar (2006) describes several aspects of the data gathering process.
For the rest of the paragraph, you tin can refer dorsum to the author by proper name or pronoun when elaborating on their ideas:
He notes that the relevance and number of questions can affect participation rates. Lazar too constitute that…
If it is clear to the reader that all the ideas come from that aforementioned source, there is no risk of plagiarism and the paragraph flows well.
Note that if yous put the author's name in brackets later in the paragraph (for example, if you include a quotation from that source) y'all should always include the yr of publication in the brackets.
Title in author position
In some sources no individual or grouping writer is listed. This is often truthful for magazine / newspaper articles and encyclopædia entries. In these situations, a shortened version of the source's title (usually the outset two or iii words) is used instead of the writer in the in-text citation:
("Beehive updating job," 2007)
Run across referencing elements for details.
Entries with the same author(s) and year of publication
In some rare cases, you may need to reference two different sources that have the aforementioned author and the same year of publication.
See same writer, same year for details.
Multiple sources inside the same brackets
If you desire to include several different citations in 1 set of brackets, they should be in alphabetical lodge, separated past semi-colons:
(Durie, 2013; McShane & Travaglione, 2007; Ministry of Pedagogy, 2016)
If there are several citations from one set of authors, the author(southward) is listed, then each unlike year of publication, separated by commas:
(Ministry of Education, 2016, 2020)
These two styles tin can be combined:
(Durie, 2013; Ministry of Education, 2016, 2020)
Personal communications
Personal communications describe any kind of source that is not 'archived.' This includes east-mails, conversations, interviews, lectures, and so forth. Readers cannot access these sources, so they should not exist included in the reference listing. Instead, they are listed equally a special blazon of in-text citation only:
(T. Williams, personal communication, Nov 9, 2019)
The offset initial(s) and surname of the source are given, followed by the words "personal communication" and the date of contact.
As with whatever other in-text citation, the name can be moved out of the brackets and into a sentence:
According to T. Williams (personal communication, Nov 9, 2019), the …
Remember that printed and verified sources are normally more reliable than personal communications; run into evaluating source quality for details.
References and further reading
American Psychological Clan. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Clan (7th ed.). [Massey Library link]
The instance quotations on this folio are taken from the following volume:
Lazar, J. (2006). Web usability: A user-centered design approach. Pearson Addison Wesley. [Massey Library link]
Disclaimer
These pages are provided as a guide to proper referencing. Your form, department, schoolhouse, or institute may prescribe specific conventions, and their recommendations supersede these instructions. If you have questions non covered hither, check in the style guide listed above, ask your grade coordinator, or ask at Academic Q+A.
Source: https://owll.massey.ac.nz/referencing/apa-in-text-citation.php
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